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The belief that modern alternative vehicles and modes of transport continue to fail primarily for technical reasons glosses over the importance of the economic, political, social and cultural dimensions of gasoline powered automobiles. This article investigates the changes that caused manufacturers and customers to abandon bicycles, horses, electric vehicles, cable cars, trolleys, and trains and to overwhelmingly prefer gasoline-powered vehicles from 1890 to 1940 in the United States. It then focuses on the lessons that the historical transition to gasoline vehicles offers modern policymakers.

A strong urban transport system is crucial for city efficiency, given the need for mobility in cities. This article uses Census of India (2011) data on transport to examine work-related commute among Indians at the state and city levels. At the state level, it finds a strong positive correlation between workforce participation rate and proportion of commuters. It also finds a strong positive correlation between the proportion who commute on foot and those who use bicycles. States characterised by extensive usage of public transport are the ones that account for a greater share of workforce participation. At the city level, the article finds that the smallest cities are most conducive for those who commute on foot or bicycles, whereas cars are preferred by commuters in high-income cities. In mid-sized cities, commuters tend to use two-wheelers. Commuters across all the selected cities walk for long distances spanning between 6 and 10 km. This indicates the need for further examination of public transport and infrastructure in these cities.

Access to primary health facilities is a key determinant of the overall well being of the population in an area. In rural regions were distances to public facilities are usually longer compared to urban areas, it is not clear if people are still willing to walk to use these facilities. It is pertinent therefore to clarify such uncertainty since walking distance is a standard measure used to plan such public facilities particularly in rural regions. The objective of this study therefore is to provide a framework to determine the factors that will influence a health care service seeker in a developing region to walk or use other means of transport to a primary health facility. The case study for this research is Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun state made up of eleven urban and rural wards. One hundred and fifty households were selected at random for interview. Logit regression was used to describe how some predictor variables were used to explain the likelihood of a particular household walking to a primary health facility. The predicting model in this study was able to classify 80.0% of the cases correctly. This simply shows that the predictors (independent variables) contribute to the predicting power of the logistic regression model. The pseudo R-squares of Cox and Snell's R-square and Nagelkerke's R also show that our logistic model is relevant to predicting whether a household will walk or use a vehicle while attending a health facility. In our study, we noted that settlement status (p=0.00) and transport cost to health facility (p=0.00) contributed significantly to the prediction. This study also reveals that the odds for household members in an urban area to walk to the health facility often used is 88.1% lower than the odds for a household in a rural area. It was revealed that households that are poor are 49% times more likely to walk to the health facility they frequently used. The knowledge of the factors that will determine whether health care service seekers in a developing region will want to walk or not will assist government in the planning and provision of health facilities.

Climate change, fuelled by the growing transportation sector, is a pressing global challenge. There is a need to promote such a system of transportation, which is not only efficient but also sustainable. Using descriptive statistics complemented with a logit model of choice probabilities implemented on survey data from a city in a developing country, this study aims to examine the impact 'of different socio-economic factors on the choice of sustainable modes of transport while also highlighting how these choices are different for men and women—the group of working population, those with the highest level of education, the group which is the most socio-economically well-off and the population of men most unlikely to prefer sustainable modes of transport. The study emphasizes the need to incorporate the varying demands of different socio-economic groups while formulating transportation policies so as to hamper neither the goal of sustainability nor the goal of women empowerment.

This paper investigates the constraints that limit the use of public bus by people commuting to work in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Putrajaya was built to replace the city of Kuala Lumpur as the new administrative centre for the government of Malaysia. This research adopted qualitative methods which involved a total of 29 respondents who use car and/or bus to commute to their workplaces. The findings of this study show that several factors, such as reliability, safety, and customer service, play considerable roles in promoting the use of public transportation. The respondents agree that reliability (e.g. frequency, punctuality, and transfer) is an important factor in choosing a particular mode of transport. Safety is one of the major concern amongst the respondents, which need to be improved along with customer satisfaction of the public bus service. The results of this study suggest that a more reliable and accessible service is required to promote public bus as an attractive mode of transport.

In order to provide better transportation systems, Indonesian Government is planning to develop a new high-speed rail system in Java that will connect two biggest cities in Java Island, Jakarta and Surabaya, with approximately 685 kilometers of entirely new track. This paper reviewed the Indonesian Government's plan to develop the high-speed rail in term of comparison to existing modes of transport.This study employs demands projection of high-speed rail using JETRO method and benchmarking from other countries' high speed rails. Furthermore, air pollution caused by transport mode was calculated based on the emission factor from CACP & CNT. The last is generalized cost that considers total time to travel as value of money.It can be concluded that journey time and fare of the high-speed rail is very competitive to the air transport in Jakarta-Surabaya corridor. The journey time to travel from Jakarta to Surabaya is 4 hours and 19 minutes by high-speed train and 4 hours and 40 minutes by air. Based on the benchmarking analysis, the suitable fare for the high-speed rail should be 70% of the air transport. This study predicted that 61% of air passenger, 18% of conventional rail passenger and 12% of bus passenger will switch to the high-speed rail service in 2020. In total, the high-speed rail will have 24% of market share for the passenger transport and becomes the second largest market share after road transport (52%). The conventional rail and air transport have 14% and 9% of total market share to travel from Jakarta to Surabaya and vice versa. The high-speed rail development reduces carbon emissions caused by transportation systems in Java Island. It has been calculated that there are 2.542 million tonnages of CO2 per annum without introducing high-speed rail, however, the CO2 emissions decrease to 1.694 million tonnages per annum if the high-speed rail is developed in Java Island. Generalized cost of the high-speed rail is higher than road and conventional rail. However, it is lower than air transport.Keywords: Java high-speed rail, HSR Comparison, modal share, journey time

This paper compacts with the notion of relevance of railway transportation in the Nigerian economy. Assessments, Issues, challenges and operational rail-line in Nigeria. Specifically, impact of railway in Lagos (Rail Mass Transit) The study also highlighted factors that may affect or retard the relevance of railway transportation in the Nigerian economy and solutions propounded. The paper presenter researched for the paper with reliance on textbooks, internet websites and operational case study since there is a dearth of material in the subject area most especially data from pre-colonial period in Nigeria railway operations. Also, the researcher relied on secondary data from Nigerian Railway cooperation for his SPSS analysis. At the end of the paper, the presenter proposed a number of recommendations for efficient operations of railway service in Nigeria. Significant among is government improvement of infrastructure and enabling environment as well as privatization or commercialization of railway operation as the government does not have the political will and motivation to invest in a capital intensive project like a railway.

The subject of the book is the history of the planned use of Polish railway infrastructure during the Cold War as part of the strategic plans of the Warsaw Pact. Analysing both technical and operational issues related to railway military transportation in a historical perspective, the author presents the history of the military transportation service of the Polish Army and provides a detailed characteristics of the organizational structure, equipment and tasks of the military transportation units and railway troops. The book also deals with rail transports of the Soviet Army on the Polish State Railways. The work is not only the result of archival queries and interviews with retired officers of the military transportation service but also field research of railway infrastructure.